BIO 421/521
Comparative Vertebrate Endocrinology
University of Wisconsin-La Crosse · UGRD · Fall 2026
Catalog description
A comprehensive study of the production, regulation, structure, molecular to whole-body actions, metabolism, and excretion of biochemical signaling molecules across vertebrates with a focus on amphibians, fish, birds, and mammals. Hormone and neurotransmitter pathways will be examined with relationship to evolutionary and environmental influences using lecture, review of primary literature, and case studies. This course is taught largely at an undergraduate level. Graduate students will have additional course requirements/expectations. Credit toward the biology major can only be received for this class or BIO 424 , not both. Prerequisite: BIO 313 or BIO 458 ; junior standing. Offered Spring.
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