BIOL 404

Limnology & Oceanography.

Virginia State University · UGRD · Fall 2026

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In this course, students will explore and examine inland and oceanic ecosystems in terms of their physics, chemistry, geology, and biology. This course investigates how physical interactions among atmosphere, water, landforms, and geography determine biological patterns and processes in aquatic ecosystems. Biological concepts are integrated through an interdisciplinary lens on topics ranging from physiology, primary production, exchange and cycling of energy and matter, energy flow through food webs and decomposition, and determinants of biodiversity. Pre-requisite: BIOL 324 Ecology.

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Class #virginia-0154Fall 2026UGRD3 credits
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