Genetics and Human Physical Performance

Catalog description

Human genetic variation is ubiquitous and important functionally. How genetic profiles, such as those leading to a high proportion of fast muscle fibers, combined with individualized training environments underlie peak performances will be examined. Similarly, when genetic predispositions are known, lifestyles can be optimized for health through the lifespan. Several hundred genetic loci influence physical performance and health, while allelic variants influencing elite athlete status and/or unusual longevity are about an order of magnitude lower. Only a few individual genetic loci and alleles are associated consistently with elite athletic performance and healthful longevity; many traits important for competitive maxima and general health are multifactorial, involving numerous loci and environmental factors. Each sport has unique physical requirements. Therefore, any study of a favorable genetic background for a given sport should consider the performance components most appropriate. Athletic performance is a complex human trait, involving interaction of multiple body systems (musculoskeletal, cardiovascular, respiratory, nervous, etc.). These include morphology (height and body composition), with specific physiques naturally suited to specific sports. Endurance, strength, and power are other factors underlying athletic performance. Additional complexities affecting athletic performance include cognitive factors and injury susceptibility. Environmental factors (including training and nutrition) also influence various traits. An individual's "trainability," or response to exercise training itself also is dependent partially on genetic factors. The relative importance of environment versus genetic factors in athletic success varies widely among sports. Consequently, elite athletic performance as well as long term health result from interactions among genetically-based physical, and appropriate good environments. This course is focused on preparing students with basic knowledge on how the field of genetics can influence sport and athletic performance, fitness outcomes and health.