BIOL 446

Ecosystems

Millersville University of Pennsylvania · UGRD · Fall 2026

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Ecosystem processes including nutrient cycles, energy budgets and trophodynamics are discussed for terrestrial, coastal and marine ecosystems. Processes are discussed for ecosystem types such as those controlled by fire, volcanism, chemosynthetic bacteria, detrital food resources, herbivory and predation. Ecosystems viewed in a global perspective to understand global carbon and nutrient cycles. 3 hrs. lec./discussion. Offered in spring of even years. Prereq: BIOL 343 and ENGL 110.

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Class #millersville_pennsylvania-BIOL446Fall 2026UGRD3 credits
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